Tuesday 24 May 2011

A2 G325: Critical Perspectives in Media: Section A

Section A: Theoretical Evaluation of Production

Candidates answer two compulsory questions. The first requires them to describe and evaluate their skills development over the course of the their production work, from Foundation Portfolio to Advanced Portfolio. The second asks them to identify one production and evaluate it in relation to one theoretical concept.

Question 1(a) requires candidates to describe and evaluate their skills development over the course of their production work, from Foundation Portfolio to Advanced Portfolio. The focus of this evaluation must be on skills development, and the question will require them to adapt this to one or two specific production practices. The list of practices to which questions will relate is as follows:

  • ·      Digital Technology
  • ·      Creativity
  • ·      Research and Planning
  • ·      Post-production
  • ·      Using conventions from real media texts


In the examination, questions will be posed using one or two of these categories.

Where candidates have produced relevant work outside the context of their A Level media course, they are free additionally refer to this experience.

Question 1(b) requires candidates to select one production and evaluate it in relation to a media concept. The list of concepts to which questions will relate is as follows:

  • ·      Genre
  • ·      Narrative
  • ·      Representation
  • ·      Audience
  • ·      Media language


In some circumstances, candidates will be expected to select the production that appears to relate most effectively to the specific concept that arises in the exam question. However, the requirement for candidates to evaluate one of their productions in relation to a concept does not assume that the concept will necessarily always fit easily and in an orthodox way. Thus in some cases candidates will be describing their productions in terms of them not relating straightforwardly to the concept, it is essential that candidates are sufficiently knowledgeable about the concept for either approach. Candidates may choose to write about work undertaken at AS or A2, main task or preliminary/ancillary.

Reception Theory - encoding/decoding

Stuart Hall (sociologist) refers to the codification of institutional production practices that are learned by programme makers, journalists, etc., in the course of their careers. interpretative acts are also codified. It is with these that Hall introduces an interface between interpretation, and the social and ideological position of the audience.

Hall described three broad classes of reading based on:


  • Dominant codes 
  • negotiated codes 
  • oppositional codes

Dominant Code

The dominant is where the preferred meaning is accepted; this corresponds to the intended encoded meaning.

Negotiated Codes

A negotiated reading is a partial acceptance of a preferred reading, but one that is inflected appositionally.

Oppositional Codes

The oppositional reading is a reading that deliberately inverts the preferred reading

6) Lesson Task - Audiences

Exam Qu. 1b
Analyse one of your coursework productions in relation to audience.

A question like this might come up this summer. Particularly as the previous exam questions for Qu. 1b of Section A have been as follows:

Jan   2010 - Representation 
June 2010 - Genre 
Jan  2011 - Narrative 

This means of the 5 possible areas that have yet to come up for section 1b, only a question on Audience and Media Language remain. This does not, however, mean that there definitely will be a question on either of these areas this summer (the exam board may, for example, decide on representation again) but you will need to be prepared for all five areas just in case.  


6) Lesson Task – Audiences 
Referring to the production of your music video how did you use audience input in the production of your film.

Make exam preparation notes on the following:

  • Your initial research into music video tracks and why you chose the track you did and why you thought your music track and your ideas for your music video would have audience appeal?
  •  
  • The presentation of your ideas to the group (before you decided on the track you eventually used) and the feedback from the group. This was an early presentation task. What comments did you receive and how did this influence you?
  •  
  • How did you use web 2.0 in the making of your production. What comments were made by your peers on your A2 blog how did you benefit from this information?
  •  
  • Did you manage to create a media text (in this case your music video), which actually communicated what you intended it to or did it fail to deliver your “message” either on style through mise-en-scene or via the editing or in some other way. How and why did it succeed? How and why did it fail?  
  •  
  • Did you inadvertently communicate with the visuals something you had no intention of doing i.e. your music video looked like a pop video when it was supposed to appeal to hard rock audiences?
  •  
  • How did the Public film screening help you with the evaluation of your production?
  •  
  • Was the audience feedback as you expected it to be or were their some surprise comments? If so did this make you view your film differently and why? 

  • Did you use quantitive and qualitative research and if so what were the benefits to you? 
  •  
  • Using the handout on Audience theory, which theory best suits your production? Prepare examples from the experience you had this year with regards to your production from the research & planning phase, to the actual construction and finally the evaluation, state how you think one or more audience theories suit your production.
  •  
  • For example you might think that reception theory applies to your production because your production allows the audience more then one possible reading or although you do not intend for you text to have more then one possible reading from your audience feedback you are aware that the audience interpreted your music video in a different way.
  • This might also tie in with genre, in particular your interpretation of the music video in terms of illustration, amplification and disjuncture.            

Exam QU.1b: Audiences



Analyse one of your coursework productions in relation to audience. 

Reception Theory: Audiences







Sunday 22 May 2011

Student Response Section A: Qu.1a & 1b



G325 June 2010 39/50 Section A 

1a)  

I feel that my production skills from foundation to Advanced have greatly improved. 
My thriller opening sequence was about two men who prey on suicidal teenage girls 
on the internet, titled “Caught in the Web.” The men rape and murder their victims 
but frame it as a suicide, using the suicide support website (where they preyed on 
them) as evidence of this suicide. It is a dark enigmatic and gripping film which 
captivates the audience (according to my feedback). My music video (Advanced 
Portfolio) is to the song “Voodoo Child” originally by Rogue Traders, but our 
girlband uses the name The Vixens. We used 4 girls and our video transports the 
audience to the mind of the main girl, where her alter-egos (dressed as the deadly 
sins) corrupt her. It is a racy funky video that creates a strong band image. 
My research for both projects included researching genre conventions (horror/thriller 
opening sequences such as “Se7ev”, and electropop-rock/dance/glam music videos 
such as Lady Gaga and Katy Perry) and was expanded to include components that 
didn’t specifically relate to genre. For my thriller I researched films where they have 
internet conversations (as in our opening sequence, the girl is talking to who she 
thinks is an agony aunt over an internet forum) which led me to films including “The 
Holiday” and “Something’s Gotta Give”, showing me how to successfully change 
from filming the person typing the words on the screen and then reading their 
message aloud. I developed this skill in my music video research by looking at other 
media texts, not just other music videos. I started with trying to be inspired by original 
music video concepts such as Radiohead’s video for “Just” in which a man lies down 
in the street and the audience can’t hear what he’s saying to explain himself to passers 
by. This inspired me to create ambiguity in my video which differs from standard pop 
videos where a lot of the visuals illustrate the lyrics. I expanded my research to 
fashion magazines and photographs of different eras, since a major concept in this 
video was the power of women as confident, independent, sexual beings. Our costume 
was very important in constructing meaning and without in-depth research into the 7 
deadly sins the audience would not have grasped why we had girls dressed in bold 
outfits to symbolise the sins; red, velvet leotard and back combed hair for “wrath”, a 
Marie Antoiinette inspred look of a pale blue and pink corset, white face make-up, an 
[cannot read text] with one long curled piece of hair, and a chunk of chocolate cake 
that signified “Greed”, a black corset with leather leggings to signify “Lust”, and a 
green dress, heavy green eye make up and glittery diamond jewellery connoting 
“Envy”. 
I think that without doing research into character types, character costume, and genre 
conventions for my thriller I wouldn’t have known what to look for when researching 
for my music video because they can be so abstract and there aren’t many constraints. 
I also learned to be open minded. 
Since I was one of the performers in our music video, it pushed me to think more 
practically – our ideas had to be creative yet do-able on our small budget and time 
constraints. After watching several videos on YouTube of thriller opening sequences 
and music videos I realised that it is good to have layered meaning a production 
because it makes it more interesting for the audience as it challenges them to come up 
with their own interpretations and gives the production playability. In the Thriller 
project, after researching storylines and narrative themes, my group and I had a strong 
idea of what our film was about. Despite the fact we created enigma, we still wanted 
the audience to understand our dominant reading, however in my music video, I 
realised that it is better to- people to have different interpretations as I found that the 
most popular current music videos are those that are quirky, different and weird, like 
Lady GaGa. 
In conclusion my foundation portfolio greatly aided my advanced portfolio because 
my skills were refined and I have produced an ever better end product. 

EAA 8 
EG 8 
T 4 
(20) 

1b) 

Genre is often used as a way of distinguishing one style from another; it categorises 
works so that the audience can more easily choose what they want to experience. For 
my music video, the genre of our music was a hybrid of electropop/rock/dance, which 
come mostly from the original song and from our personal tastes. Since our genre is 
modern and not common, we drew conventions from artists that had similar styles to 
ours. The conventions we found for music video for our genre are;  editing often cuts 
to the beat; for female artists – costumes are bold, they wear high heels, ands the 
performances are strong and full of attitude. Examples of artists’ videos that do this 
are Beyonce (through her powerful dance routines and sexy costumes) and Lady 
GaGa (who wears extreme hair, costume and makeup). 
My music video consisted of my group members (4 girls) giving powerful 
performances with sections of dance routine. We stuck to these conventions because 
we wanted the audience to recognise it as belonging to a genre and looking back at it 
now I think we succeeded. The genre has postmodern influences as does our video. It 
starts with a short narrative to no music, where a girl looks at a picture in a locket of 
her and a guy, slams it shut and looks in a mirror – which transports her into 
‘subconscious mind’. We filmed the bulk of our video in an all-white studio and with 
our powerful costumes that intertextually referenced  the deadly sins and Marie 
Antoinette the audience can quite clearly see that it is not reality. 
You can see that our video promotes strong women by their feisty performance and 
this is emphasised by the use of a male, white headless, mannequin with a ‘perfect’ 
torso. In the video the sins are corrupting the girl (but they are all just facets of her 
personality) and they dominate the mannequin. This is in contrast with Laura 
Mulvey’s theory of the ‘Male Gaze’ whereby media is predominantly made with a 
male or masculine audience in mind. Our target audience is 14-25 year old women, 
and this is obvious because the audience immediately identify with the main girl since 
she is the focus of the narrative and on the mannequin’s torso is a kiss mark, showing 
the women ‘marking their territory’ on him. If we were targeting men we would’ve 
used a real man, but by our production decisions the target audience and genre is 
clear. 
We followed the convention of cutting shots to the beat, however we challenged the 
convention of keeping lines of the song in one shot. We cut midway through words 
and phrases in order to quicken the pace, which is often fast for this genre. An aspect 
of the genre which we developed is comedy. In some of the music videos artists take 
themselves very seriously, however we combined the sexy performances with the 
comic editing and cut aways to five the characters a ‘human feel’ in the make believe 
world. For example we used what was originally going to be an outtake, where one 
girl shakes her bum from side to side, and we matched it to the beat, giving it a comic 
edge. 
You can apply Lyotard’s theory of mete-narratives to our video since it blurs the lines 
between reality and fantasy using the key signifier of a mirror in the opening 
narrative. 
I think the my music video successfully conveys its genre while still maintaining 
enigma. The Reception Theory can be applied, since from feedback, many people had 
different interpretations, which is what this genre is all about. Looking at it 
objectively I would say that it is a fun, interesting video that invites playability and 
successfully promotes the song, which is the aim of a music video. 

EAA 7 
EG 8 
T 4 
(19) 

Total for Section A 39/50 




Thursday 19 May 2011

Genre in Music Video

Genre: The categories into which media texts may be divided according to similarities of form and content.

Hybrid: A combination of different genres or styles.

Exam QU.1b: Genre

Student Exemplar Response Qu 1b (June 2010): Genre

1b) 

Genre is often used as a way of distinguishing one style from another; it categorises 
works so that the audience can more easily choose what they want to experience. For 
my music video, the genre of our music was a hybrid of electropop/rock/dance, which 
come mostly from the original song and from our personal tastes. Since our genre is 
modern and not common, we drew conventions from artists that had similar styles to 
ours. The conventions we found for music video for our genre are;  editing often cuts 
to the beat; for female artists – costumes are bold, they wear high heels, ands the 
performances are strong and full of attitude. Examples of artists’ videos that do this 
are Beyonce (through her powerful dance routines and sexy costumes) and Lady 
GaGa (who wears extreme hair, costume and makeup). 
My music video consisted of my group members (4 girls) giving powerful 
performances with sections of dance routine. We stuck to these conventions because 
we wanted the audience to recognise it as belonging to a genre and looking back at it 
now I think we succeeded. The genre has postmodern influences as does our video. It 
starts with a short narrative to no music, where a girl looks at a picture in a locket of 
her and a guy, slams it shut and looks in a mirror – which transports her into 
‘subconscious mind’. We filmed the bulk of our video in an all-white studio and with 
our powerful costumes that intertextually referenced  the deadly sins and Marie 
Antoinette the audience can quite clearly see that it is not reality. 
You can see that our video promotes strong women by their feisty performance and 
this is emphasised by the use of a male, white headless, mannequin with a ‘perfect’ 
torso. In the video the sins are corrupting the girl (but they are all just facets of her 
personality) and they dominate the mannequin. This is in contrast with Laura 
Mulvey’s theory of the ‘Male Gaze’ whereby media is predominantly made with a 
male or masculine audience in mind. Our target audience is 14-25 year old women, 
and this is obvious because the audience immediately identify with the main girl since 
she is the focus of the narrative and on the mannequin’s torso is a kiss mark, showing 
the women ‘marking their territory’ on him. If we were targeting men we would’ve 
used a real man, but by our production decisions the target audience and genre is 
clear. 
We followed the convention of cutting shots to the beat, however we challenged the 
convention of keeping lines of the song in one shot. We cut midway through words 
and phrases in order to quicken the pace, which is often fast for this genre. An aspect 
of the genre which we developed is comedy. In some of the music videos artists take 
themselves very seriously, however we combined the sexy performances with the 
comic editing and cut aways to five the characters a ‘human feel’ in the make believe 
world. For example we used what was originally going to be an outtake, where one 
girl shakes her bum from side to side, and we matched it to the beat, giving it a comic 
edge. 
You can apply Lyotard’s theory of mete-narratives to our video since it blurs the lines 
between reality and fantasy using the key signifier of a mirror in the opening 
narrative. 
I think the my music video successfully conveys its genre while still maintaining 
enigma. The Reception Theory can be applied, since from feedback, many people had 
different interpretations, which is what this genre is all about. Looking at it 
objectively I would say that it is a fun, interesting video that invites playability and 
successfully promotes the song, which is the aim of a music video. 

EAA 7 
EG 8 
T 4 
(19) 

Total for Section A 39/50 




5) Lesson Task - Genre: Key features of Music Video

Use the following notes on this posting and the postings below to help you make notes and analyse your media production in preparation for a question on genre. 
  • Key Features of a Music Video
  • Textual Analysis of Music Videos (essential questions) 
  • Music Video Research/Analysis



Key Features of Music Video

·      Music videos work around 3 codes – music, lyrics and iconography. The relationships between these codes is key to understanding how music videos work.

·      They are designed to provide pleasure in order to keep the viewer watching, and to encourage repeat viewings.

·      The starting point for analysis is to explore whether the video primarily performance-based, narrative-based or concept-based and how elements of each are used in it.


The following questions are worth asking of any Music Video:
Question:
Do the visuals illustrate, amplify or offer disjuncture with the lyrics?

Question:
Do the visuals illustrate, amplify or offer disjuncture with the music?

Key terms:

Illustration: not always literal
Amplification: new layers of meaning added to the song
Disjuncture: contradiction between lyrics and image.

Key area for discussion - Genre 
look for generic signifiers - dancing, gestures
Overall look, instruments, lyrics
Familiarity, recognition, pleasure for audience
Genre as a tool for music video analysis - how useful/limiting is it?
Compare to analysis of film - quite a different process.

Genre (analysis)


Music Video Research/Analysis

Watch a variety of music videos, and make notes using these questions:

1.     Does the song belong to a particular genre?

2.     Do the images illustrate, amplify or contradict the lyrics?


3.     Do the images illustrate, amplify or contradict the music?

4.     How are the performers shown?


5.     Does the video present a voyeuristic view of women?

6.     What other texts does the video refer to/ draw upon?

Summerise findings/compare and contrast/apply theory.
Considerations of genre, audience appeal, form and style underpin your notes.

Genre and your music video

Use the guidelines below to make preparation notes for a possible exam question on genre.


TEXTUAL ANALYSIS OF MUSIC VIDEOS – ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS

1.     Institutional/reference information

·       Which video are you analysing, who is it by and, if you know, who directed it?

·       What genre does the music belong to and what broad characteristics of that genre does the video have?

2. What is the relationship between lyrics and visuals?

·       Work through the song and identify ways in which the lyrics are illustrated or amplified or even contradicted by the visuals.

·       Pick out some specific examples to back up your argument.

3.     What is the relationship between music and visuals?

·       Does the video cut to the beat?

·       Are solo instrumental bits illustrated by the video?


·       Does the video change pace with the music?

·       Give examples to support your points

4. Are there close-ups of the artist and star image motifs?

·       How is the record company looking to sell this track?

·       What image of the artist/band is being offered?

·       How does this video relate to previous videos by the artist?

·       Are there motifs, which have been used previously? Or does this video represent a change of image?

5. Is there reference to the notion of looking?

·       Do you get the sense that the artist is on sexual display or that other people in the video are used in this way?

·       Does camerawork, costume, dance or something else imply sexualised display?

·       Are there other references to ‘looking’ such as screens or binoculars, cameras, etc?

·       Give examples and consider why these features have been chosen.

6. Are there intertextual references?

·       Do these relate to other music video, to aspects of star’s image or to completely separate texts such as TV programmes or films?

·       How are they used?

7. Is the music video performance-based, narrative-based or concept-based?

·       How much of each?


Wednesday 18 May 2011

Conventions of music videos

Conventions of music videos

All music videos have to represent certain codes and conventions. 
The 5 main music video codes and conventions are: 

1. Lyrics - They establish a general tone to the song, and address the storyline or subject matted. Key lines sometimes play a significant part in the visuals, but rarely would there be a full interpretation, and sometimes the lyrics do not directly correlate with the music video, it may just be the tone or mood of the lyrics which is conveyed in the music video
2. Music - The tempo of the track should drive the editing of a music video, fast paced music should mirrored with fast paced editing, and slow paced music should be accompanied with slow paced editing. furthermore particular sounds in a track may be foregrounded and emphasised on screen, for example if the video wasperformance based there would be a close up of the guitar or drums.
3. Genre - Each genre carries its own codes and conventions, a viewer would expect to see. This would be reflected in the mise-en-scène, the camera work and editing style. I have highlighted the different codes and conventions of music dependant on genre in a separate post.
4. Camerawork - How the camera is used and how images are sequenced has a significant impact on meaning. The angle, movements and shot distance would fluctuate depending on the music. Up beat tones are likely to require more dynamic camerawork.

5. Editing - In the process of filming the director and camera worker must film to edit. Some music videos would feature fast cut montages (sometimes containing of random images). This then encourages repeated viewings in case the viewer missed anything the first time. The editing helps to establish the mood, and is sometimes is used to fragment the narrative.
Modern music videos are primarily made and used as a marketing device intended to promote the sale of music recordings. Therefore music video's will usually include the artists, to allow the viewers to identify with the artists and aspire to be like them.Therefore music videos have to be incredibly aesthetically appealing and captivating. Once an artists is established they can then use narrative music videos rather thanperformance based music videos, which is virtually a short film that corresponds in some way with the music, perhaps the tone, the actual lyrics or just the sound of the music. Music videos use a wide range of styles of film making techniques, including animation , live action filming, documentaries, and non-narrative approaches such as abstract film. 

Monday 16 May 2011

Post-modern

Post-modern:
An aesthetic category, often applied to MTV, which can mean a mixture of an abandonment of linear ways of telling stories and the eclectic "stealing" of ideas and images from other sources.

Metanarrative: Jean-Francois Lyotard


The prefix meta-means "beyond" and is here used to mean "about", and narrative is a story constructed in a sequential fashion. Therefore, a metanarrative is a story about a story, encompassing and explaining other "little stories" within totalizing schemes.
In postmodern philosophy, a metanarrative is an untold story that unifies and totalizes the world, and justifies a culture's power structures. Examples of these stories are nationalisms,religion, and science, to name a few. Metanarratives are not usually told outright, but are reinforced by other more specific narratives told within the culture. In the case of Christianity, the school Nativity play is a good example of this.
In communication and strategic communication, a master narrative (or metanarrative) is a "transhistorical narrative that is deeply embedded in a particular culture."[2] A master narrative is therefore a particular type of narrative, which is defined as a "coherent system of interrelated and sequentially organized stories that share a common rhetorical desire to resolve a conflict by establishing audience expectations according to the known trajectories of its literary and rhetorical form."[2]